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Fortune Sea, 2: A question

continue our little tour of insults related by the correspondence of the Department of the Navy, preserved in Series B funding navy veterans at the National Archives. I started this series with the tragic, the fatal drowning and harrowing details bonus, but the perils of the sea, it can also be cons-time, rants, volleys of profanity and bad mood . Example.

Delay, or New York - Le Havre via Lorient and Perros-Guirec

It course will appear to those who know me that these are the places mentioned in this letter that caught my attention. Full text, with my comments in brackets

February 3.
Monseigneur le Marechal de Castries, Minister and Secretary of State with the Department of the Navy.

[Yes, strictly speaking, there is no "minister of the navy" in the old regime, he is a minister and Secretary of State (that to say a member of both the king's council and board of mails, top) which is have supported this branch of the royal administration.]

lord, I

the honor to inform Your Lordship that, arrived in New York on the eighteenth of this month in the harbor of Port Louis, where I wet night with the king's ship The Courier Europe I command, Mr. Thevenard sent me back to writing about sailing on the morrow the tide to get to Harbour Grace, order I executed the following day by pairing nineteen.

[Port Louis, Port Louis is next to Lorient Harbour Grace, is of course the port of Le Havre at the entrance of the Seine, a ship, the English packet-boat is a fast ship of modest size in charge of transportation of mail. You feel the joy of the crew to leave the idea of having just arrived for a tour of Britain in winter.]

Since then I've had winds from east and north east east, which forced me to run in the round edges and often reefed the topsails, but a pretty strong gale from the same party last night taking me to the point of not being able to just wear the hijab, I decided to relax at anchor on the Costa de perros Britain, ten miles east of the Isle of stockings, which I was then.

[Of course, tacking in the breeze in January, we did not really want to be there, even if a small boat like that was certainly more gifted than to ship three bridges for this kind of sport. The choice of the bay of Perros can surprise, the bay of Morlaix, well sheltered, being just off the island of Batz - but the input can be dangerous in rough weather, especially as the markup was not as complete as today. The bay of Perros is relatively well protected and very easy Access: There is a logic. Especially since there are issues of crew ...]

My crew has been very low by the number of young people fifteen and sixteen years I've been given, is the most bad condition, there are eight of the post surgeon, some are attacked, where the stone, where the flow of blood, where injured in collision at the point of not render any service whatsoever. I am therefore obliged to pay me in bad weather forces that I can have, and do not do what I do, if I was well armed sailors.

[Bah, that he might be in trouble, the Stouvin commander, not to arrive where we waiting - then suddenly, you have to find reasons ... Eight sailors sick undermine the smooth running of the boat confirms that it is in any case a small boat that is, restricted to the crew.]

I beg you, Monseigneur, of be convinced that soon he will favor any time, I will neglect nothing to get to my destination.

I am with great respect
Monsignor

Your very humble and very obedient servant
Stouvins.

What I like in this letter is that the commander intends to curse in his dugout, against the order fool you gave him, against this dreadful weather, the crew Galapian cons and the cons avoinée lame and he can be caught from his superiors. It does not really want to sail with Captain Stouvin, even on The Courier Europe, dashing king's ship - but the problem does not arise, of course.

Note: This letter is not dated - well, it was the month but not this year. Castries was minister of the navy from 1780 to 1787, the paperboard B ³ contains 803 in principle documents subsequent to 1786 - But the resulting presence of several letters to the officer whose names begin with T reminds pulled a wad of personal records and incorrect arrangement thereafter. Youth Crew Evoq a time of war, where the marine reserve expériementés most (and most talented officers!) For combat units. I may venture thus the year 1783, last year the American War of Independence, which would explain the strategic importance of mail from New York.

This small pleasure of the historian: the documents that give flesh to the story we studies. It does not necessarily need, they are arranged in a corner of his memory and its files. The historian is a tinkerer like the others: "it can still serve."

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delays may lead to another

News from my dear studies: I tried these days of progress a specific point: when do we begin to recast the cast iron, for example the "throw in the mold," as said Gabriel Jars in 1765: making objects casting, cauldron Gun of 36 through the beam or the pump. Since the fourteenth century, the iron produced in blast furnaces, which means it produces what is known today about the cast, which was subsequently refined to obtain iron. If what you want, they are objects cast, the mold is placed at the foot of the blast furnace and there leads the cast during the casting. That is until the eighteenth century the only way to do so, since it knows no way to melt the iron - which is why we do not call cast iron cast but when s 'acts or molded objects pig iron for the intermediate product to refineries in English cast iron pig iron and . The term font is used, but it's green cast , ie bronze, that is: we know from the proto-history to melt, the 800 ° n ' is not hell, after all. Talk about melting a metal that was melted, it is not absurd.

A significant change occurred in England between the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century: it manages to consolidate the iron, using a particular type of furnace that was used then for copper and lead: reverberatory furnace (See cons below). The iron is remelted in this way is not wrought iron, pure iron, but what is known today of casting an alloy of iron and carbon with high degree of carbon (more than 2% if I remember correctly), which lowers its melting point at 1200 °. So either pigs produced by the blast furnace, or residues of iron casting objects or old barrels or other objects they desired to recycle iron. These techniques are imported into France in the 1770s, we began to encounter the term iron foundry and therefore cast iron - since we know to produce a liquid other than in a transitional phase at the exit of the furnace.

What is curious is that this major change is very little studied. The reason for this: This new feature is closely related to another, that of coke use in blast furnaces. The fuel is from the same source (coal mine) even if the reverberatory furnace does not require its coking and, in addition, places and these men are confused, especially in Coalbrookdale, the Anglo-Welsh border ( illustration at the top of the article is to clearly see the reverberatory furnaces). And as the issue of coke, which carries with it all the heavy industry of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, has always worried and concerned about the historians at the forefront of technology, that of the cast (like product that could be consolidated at will) found itself largely obscured.

is what I said, a question may hide another.

Illustration: Detail of A View of the Upper Work at Coalbrookdale in the County of Salop [Shropshire], 1758, published in TS Ashton, Iron and Steel In The Industrial Revolution , Manchester University Press, 1924; Furnace for Iron Scrap Melting at Southwark (London), by RR Angerstein, 1753, published in RR Angerstein's Illustrated Travel Diary, 1753-1755 , trans. and ed. T. and P. Berg, London, Science Museum, 2001.

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Fortunes sea, 1: Industrial Heritage tragedies

lot to say on this topic I have not taken the time to say. Of books that I wanted to report some discussion that I wanted to pursue, and of course my little winks archival - all documents on which I fell and I did no real use for my research but I still want to share. Because writing of history is about making choices, doing without material because, quite simply, it does not correspond to the historical object that is sought to implement.

A remark elsewhere: one of the surest marks of the "work of scholarship" as opposed to the work of a historian is that precisely the factoids that scholar has found in its archives, he can not refrain from inflicting his readers - and, in the deplorable biography the Marquis de Montalembert published two years ago, the author can not help but share in a chapter devoted to industrial activities of the Marquis of pregnancy a woman attributes to works of the footman de Montalembert , and the amount of money paid by him to avoid prosecution.

I must admit that this is not always easy, to remember. Hence the usefulness of having a blog in which spill - and this is clearly one of the functions of this topic.

Since I work at an establishment that, from 1776 in law (and since 1755 actually) directly to the Department of the Navy, I had to sift evil series Archives of the Navy. Normal. And like a lot of these series are following the "general service" department, I find many things that have little to do with my subject, but rather are stories of this that it is customary to call fortunes sea Examples.

Tragedies

Sometimes, of course, the tragedy of the sinking. I cited the case of the seamen from the water by the monks of Saint-Mathieu, the outcome is not always as happy, as for those in distress near Dunkerque Fecamp:

S. Masson Commissioner classes in port by reporting on the sinking of a trimming BELANDRE Dunkirk, informed Bishop that the master, a foam master's son and a sailor who composed the crew, s'étoient saved on the boat that Sea that were horrible, engulfing soon after. The sailor was lost without resource; the teacher who swam superiorly grabbed his son and held him with one arm for 15 to 18 minutes, but could not prevent him from drowning. After three quarters of an hour the father managed to gain ground on the side of Senneville where he would have infallibly perished without the assistance of a few men and women who lavished all the help he needed. This man, named Bouffey emptied completely and gave him his shirt and his clothes.

Ugly, ugly. It is of course to get the ministry, for the master in question, "a small gratuity," and "reward of charity named Bouffey" - which is granted . The spirits recognize grief in a narrative topos the story of shipwreck, found in périqodiquement stories of this type until now, the unfortunate foam torn from the arms of his father by the raging waters. This does not mean it's false, but identify a topos like this can only encourage the historian to be cautious. Who will challenge the story of a grieving father? The appointed

Bouffey, meanwhile, is proof that the people of coastline, far from the wreckers as is a myth thoroughly studied by Alain Cabantous ( barbarous coasts, wreckers and coastal societies in France, 1680-1830, Fayard, 1993), know the lifesaving: give the wrecked dry clothes is actually the first thing to do, all works that address will tell you. It is there in good company, with the monks of Saint-Mathieu Avont we talked and peasants of Picardy Molière, in the previous century, who instead prefer to give their clothes get wrecked warm, naked, before a good Fire - other method recommended by all the manuals, too.

Dom Juan or The Feast of Stone , ACT II, Scene first

CHARLOTTE, PIERROT.

CHARLOTTE: Our dinse, Pierrot, you found yourself good point there.

PIERROT: Parquienne he did not do the required thickness of a éplinque Sayant Nayes they do both.

CHARLOTTE: So the gale da morning had renvarsés in March?

PIERROT: Aga, Guienne, Charlotte, I'm gonna tell it all end drait as it came, for, as they say, I have the first notice, notify the first I have them. So finally j'estions on the edge of March, me and the big Lucas, and I amused ourselves to frolic with clods of Tarra I jesquions us to test for, as you know bian, the big Lucas likes to frolic and by me I fouas frolics ditto. In frolicking thus pisque frolic there, I saw any thing away queuque gliau swarmed in, and who came as envar us by shock. I saw this fixiblement, and worse all of a sudden I saw that I could not see anything. "Hey Lucas, ç'ai I done, I think vla men who swim there. [...]" Well, Lucas, ç'ai I said, you know that we bian appelont: Vista leu will help. - No, it's me he said, they made me pardre. "Oh! So, at the end will tanquia, for short, as I sarmonné, I we have toppled in a boat, and so much worse j'avons willy nilly, that I have learned gliau, and I've done worse Cheux us by the fire, and worse they all stripped naked sant to dry, and worse there came two more OF THE SAME band, which s'equiant saved himself, and is worse Mathurine arrival there, who has made the soft eyes. Vla precisely, Charlotte, as it all happened.

[...]

CHARLOTTE: Is it still free cloth you naked, Pierrot?

PIERROT: Nannain: Avont they dressed all before us.

Neither Pierrot, nor appointed Bouffey, the medal will rescue, and for good reason. At Bouffey, we give some books; Pierrot, a scraped (Act II, Scene III):

PIERROT: Er. (Don Juan gives him a slap.) Testigué! do not hit me. (Another slap.) Oh! jernigué! (Another slap.) Ventrequé! (Another slap.) Palsanqué! Morquenne! bian that is not to beat people, and that is not the reward of v's have saved Estre Naye.

That's true!

(Illustration: The document archives, national archives, funds navy veterans, B 1 99, folio 235, and the king leaves Minister, 1784 . Excerpt from Dom Juan by Molière , according www.site-moliere.com .)