Jcpenney Hair Straightened

scientific rigor

extract the History of the Royal Academy of Sciences for the year 1767 , in which I was looking for something else:

Only with the greatest attention, and after the most careful scrutiny, we are entitled, in physical research, relying on what is believed to have seen.

Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci. 1767 (1770), p.43.

What's this? The presentation of the memory of Mr. serene entitled "the true sex of those known hermaphodites " of course!

(That does not help me find the memory Duhamel on steel Ruffec in Angouleme, which I picked a manuscript copy in the Archives yesterday. Anyway, this one was worth quoting, I think.)

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As well known, the following day I head a cap of computer network administrator or a cap of history student. Although I majored in history of technology, it is not so often that the two may coincide. And yet ...

And yet, in seminars, symposia and publications on the history of technology, particularly in France, we talk constantly of engineers, on the other hand, I count the responses to tender where I figure it cost the day of engineer - cheaper than a project manager or consultant, but more than a technician. Incidentally, on my payroll, it is marked "engineer," is to say if the engineer there.

What connection between all these engineers, and with Vauban and Belidor I mentioned here or there ?

I confess I do not have to answer this question. And I add to this admission that despite its quality, the book of Helen cylinder authoritative on the issue ( Glory engineers. The technical intelligence from the sixteenth to eighteenth century , Albin Michel, 1993) can not quite convince myself that because we have this word, there is a coherent historical object behind.

At first, I believe it, there is a military engineer - the man of genius in the sense that we hear in the staffs in charge of the siege works and, conversely , fortification. It is becoming increasingly important throughout modern times, when war ceases to be a matter of heroic charges in open country to be reduced to a matter of seats and seats, peaking with large and expensive affair of the reign of Louis XIV, the construction of a line of fortresses on the borders of the Kingdom. The engineer is essentially a specialist static, leaving those other problems of Galilee on kinematics and dynamics. Obviously, he is forced to address questions of hydraulics, for example: not worth building a fortress if we die of thirst. This is evident in the books of Belidor and field-at Nine Brissach and elsewhere (the cons, water supply to Briançon).

But it is far from omnipotent engineer of the nineteenth century. How will be the one to the other? How he became an engineer at a point so obvious, and especially in France, the figurehead of technical progress?

A working hypothesis, surely simplistic: in France, the royal corps of engineers (military genius so), I believe, the first body art of the state to receive a strict territorial organization in 1693 an organization with branches in 23 subdivided into chiefdoms recent being the responsibility of a Chief Engineer (see Langin, Engineering the French Revolution, p.81). So, when at the Regency and Louis XV it is concerned with organizing the Ponts-et-Chaussées, the same model and the same designation that prevail, and that the transferred Rees, in the last years of the Ancien Regime, the new body of mine.

We know that engineers Mines (but also those of the Ponts-et-Chaussées, regarding in particular the railways) were given the task of organizing and encouraging the import of the industrial revolution English in France - forgive me the shortcut a bit forced. And, during the Nineteenth century, one begins to see blacksmiths, recognized as such in their province, to be called "civil engineers" in Paris - in the case of Combescot, Forge-Lédrier Savignac, Yvon studied by Lamy. The new glory of the engineer began, which culminated in the Act of July 10, 1934 on the issuance and use of the title of graduate engineer .

This model is it obsolete now? I think, I want to show the pay scale I mentioned at the beginning - indeed, if I was explaining to my American friends I'm engineer (Dipl. failing that I'm not), chances are they think I'm a locomotive engineer. But like Don Quixote believed in chivalry long after it has lost all relevance, some continue to see time in the engineering (and in the schools of the same name) the essential framework of industry, economy and , for that matter, society itself ...

(Illustration: detail from the frontispiece of Science engineers of Belidor, edition of 1729, according Gallica and photo of yours truly, Briancon, July 2005)

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Engineer Bridges and causeways

Purchased earlier in this book in a bookseller promising title: Viaduct Erdre. Treaty practice for construction of steel bridges arched by Mr. Ch. Dupuy, Chief Engineer of Roads and Bridges in charge of the Company's service of Orleans, with the assistance of Mr. Stephen Lauras, civil engineer, alumnus of Central School, assistant engineer at the Orleans Company, Paris, Dunod Publisher, 1879.

Save the date: 1879, three years before the commencement of construction of the viaduct Garabit by Gustave Eiffel. We caught the monumental work of someone who represents the engineer-hero of the late nineteenth century rather than the obscure MM calculations. Dupuy and Lauras. It is true that the viaduct Erdre is much more modest - the main span arch measuring 95m, 165m to Garabit cons (of 564m in all) and is about twenty feet above the water, what is there so much less dramatic than the mountains cantaloupes. The viaduct Erdre is also certainly not the first of its kind - after all, we built a viaduct arch over the Severn, beams cast iron and not exactly a century earlier. The authors did not, moreover, that claim, only to publish the calculations they had employed so that their successors can enjoy this experience.

From calculations: it is what it is. I admit I vaguely hoped, by buying this little book on the Seine, find some implementation plan, perhaps even prints of the work. But the content is this: formulas, tables of values to be used in such formulas; few diagrams to explain these calculations (see page among others, shown more than average and it is taken into account the constraints of expansion). The lover of beautiful drawings (I am) is disappointed, but not the historian of technology, here is a magnificent example of what became the science of engineering in the aftermath of the Second Empire.

This science, he had been born with a view to Belidor Bernard Forest in the 1720s (see Langin, Conserving the Enlightenment , Chapter 9), which sought to establish rules for calculating the construction of fortifications. "The structures, he said, must draw their strength of workmanlike rather that the abundance of materials. She is now in full possession of his means, to the point of feeling able to accurately predict the behavior of a structure of a new type. The material is indeed suitable for calculation, with beams that work only in the direction of the length - to the point that one wonders if the success of the structures "eiffelliennes" does not come primarily from their adaptation for engineering calculations.

Science Engineering is a science of calculation and prediction. But it is also an experimental science: this project is a bench trial, where the measures taken have confirmed the a priori calculations . And, of course,

Whatever this respect the views of manufacturers, we believe that the discussion in which we delivered demonstrates the confidence that should inspire the arch span. Certainly study projects is not difficult, and the results which lead calculations are maximums which, in practice, will never be achieved.

and Laura Dupuy, op. cit. , p.78.

Bridge Erdre may well be a bit forgotten, if indeed it still exists (and there Nantais in the room? This must be the bridge Jonelière, just left of the highway bridge Beaujeoire going to Chapelle-sur-Erdre) - but it represents an example of the engineering triumph of the late nineteenth century. It is not nothing anyway!

[NES, January 30: A nice reader Nantes confirms that it is the bridge Jonelière but was destroyed by the Germans in 1944 and rebuilt in concrete in 1948 . His comment see below.]

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Two interesting books

stumbled into a library two interesting books:

Janis Langin, Conserving the Enlightment, French Military Engineering from Vauban to the Revolution , MIT Press, 2004, 532pp.

The title is a response to Ken Alder, Engineering the French Revolution , who claimed to find a quality intrinsic to the emergence of revolutionary figure of the engineer in the eighteenth century France. Janis Langin from a subject he knows well: the controversy between the Corps of Engineers and the Marquis de Montalembert on the ideas of the latter in terms of fortification. It organizes around a story of this episode of the thought of military engineering and body engineering, it shows the emergence in this context the concept of science for engineers. It remains a practical science whose main purpose, strength and safety of built structures, encourages the continuation of proven methods.

admit not being sure that the book Alder certainly interesting (and sometimes horrifying, it must be said), deserves to polarize the debate at this point - in any event, here we are with a recent history well kept and engineering in the eighteenth century, both the organization of military engineers of scientific thinking and the mentality of a body art. In addition, work on the controversy Langin fortification perpendicular undertaken for years, deserved to be published in book form. Well, a couple of balls on Metallurgical de Montalembert, but ultimately less than the deplorable bio that was published last year by a local scholar.

Chris Evans and Göran Rydén (eds.), The Industrial Revolution in Iron, The Impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth-Century Europe , Ashgate, 2005, 200pp

Collections articles of this type are sometimes passable, other times mediocre (the syndrome of publish or perish ) but sometimes they do more forward thinking than a brick of a single author. This is the case of the latter, edited by two eminent representatives of a new generation of historians of technology - I heard Chris Evans at the conference on steel, CNAM, it was brilliant. He will go far, this little guy. Finally, rather large, actually.

What they're saying, collectively? What if, as we know, the technical changes occurred in Great Britain for the production of iron had a fundamental influence on European industry, this influence has a story - it is not immediate, it is not complete, it goes without saying. There is not a "technical revolution" that overnight returns the old processes to the rank of survivals, but rather the contributions vary according to regions considered in terms of local technical culture. It seems obvious, but it has not been studied that much. What interested the first generation of French historians of technology, those 50-60 years is the emergence of the technical system which then triumphed with the creation of the ECSC and peak production thirty glorious. This book shows how the story is more subtle, and how much space remains to be explored if we are willing to turn from the "idol of origins" (to use one of these forms of Marc Bloch that we do not meditate enough).

short, with these avenues of research, here we are with the job for twenty years. Well, let's go!

Well, not everything, but Feather's research, companies are also in years, they deserve to be written, too!